These authors suggest that approaches that limit what counts as a moral or ethical concern and that authorize how these concerns are resolved—as decision trees often do—incompletely reflect the complexity of contemporary health care (Liaschenko & Peter, 2004). An ethical decision that is arrived at logically is then tested in some manner (e.g., by looking at its consistency with a principle or code for ethical behavior). Simply stated, as you consider whether your moral/ethical behavior (as guided by disciplinary ethical knowledge) is right and responsible, you clarify the values that come into play as the situation unfolds, particularly those that create a dilemma. Organizational structures should develop strict ethical standards for their employees. — DERIVATIVES ethicist noun. It is within the model’s processes of dialogue and justification that knowledge is more deliberatively examined with reference to the perspectives of justice and care. You will make a decision, and whatever decision is made will be the best you can do given the circumstances. These are difficult questions to answer, and, even when every effort is made to address ethical issues fully and appropriately, there is no guarantee that the right decision will be made. With the use of cognitive reasoning processes that incorporate emotional and other nonrational sources of behavior, prescriptions for ethical behavior are put into language and set forth as theories, codes, duties, principles, and so forth. In short, a feminine ethic of caring proclaims the importance of caring as being consistent with female-gendered virtues. . Our model incorporates a focus on virtues through the pattern of personal knowing, which grants the individual nurse the responsibility of examining what is virtuous. In addition, an envisioned future may form a critical template against which to reflect ethical knowledge. However, the mother attributes them to the caregiver, who, you subsequently learn, is the child’s grandmother. These approaches to ethics have been important for nursing as it attempts to create an ethical perspective on practice. The situation may be common in companies that value results the most. As this and other information is considered during the moment of ethical decision making and the decision is made, the nature of one’s moral/ethical comportment becomes clear. How nurses act and the decisions that they make in the complex contexts of practice ultimately contribute significantly to the processes for the development of ethical knowledge (Doane, Storch, & Pauly, 2009). The clarification of values is often an emotionally charged activity that involves deeply held personal beliefs. A problem in the decision-making process between two possible but unacceptable options from an ethical perspective, Corporate Strategy focuses on how to manage resources, risk and return across a firm, as opposed to looking at competitive advantages in business strategy. Acting ethically ultimately means determining what is “right” and what is “wrong.” Basic standards exist around the world that dictate what is wrong or unethical in terms of business practices. In addition, you can provide no assurances about the quality of life of the child should he or she develop the disease, because the condition could be severe or more mild. We do not act morally unless we act from a sense of conviction and reason, guided by our own conscience. Several courses of action might be appropriate, including posting the Patients’ Bill of Rights in a public space as a reminder of its meaning or approaching the social worker and the aide and bringing to their attention the inappropriateness of their behavior in reference to privacy protections. People’s inability to determine the optimal solution to such dilemmas in a professional setting may result in serious consequences for businesses and organizations. Deontologic systems suggest that the rules and the makers of rules are in charge of ethical decision making, whereas teleologic systems assign decision-making authority to persons who make reasoned judgments about what constitutes the greatest good. The trees also make the factors and processes involved in ethical decisions less opaque and help learners to understand what is and is not ethically justifiable. Ethics goes beyond what many tend to think of as ethics (i.e., the weighty, dramatic decisions that often involve end-of-life contexts or controversial political and social issues). The ethical exemplar has influenced my practice by giving me knowledge on how to face dilemmas involving children and their guardians. Many topics about ethical issues are timely or timeless. When performing values clarification, there may be a tendency to avoid what is difficult. In more recent nursing literature, there has been increasing interest in the concept of caring as a centrally important focus for the development of both empiric and ethical theory. Throughout the history of humanity, people have faced such dilemmas, and philosophers aimed and worked to find solutions to them. However, other forms do exist. In addition, you begin to recognize the merits and pitfalls of different approaches to moral and ethical decision making. . In teleology, what is right produces good. Within philosophic ethics, various theoretic perspectives have emerged that attempt to set forth the foundation on which to base ethical action. The goal to be approached by nurses is moral and ethical coherence that is supported by laws and other societal contexts that do not prohibit but rather allow for the expression of nursing’s highest moral and ethical ideals. Relativism may be a comfortable position to take because it circumvents a responsibility to know how to behave with some degree of certainty in the face of moral and ethical dilemmas. Conversely, here is an example where behavior is used to judge the adequacy of ethical knowledge. Read the example in Box 4-1 to consider how this process unfolds. In the previously mentioned case of Jill and Armando, the nurse had to integrate her empiric knowledge of genetics; her personal feelings that Jill and Armando’s fetus ought to be genetically tested and the pregnancy terminated if both parents carried the gene for cystic fibrosis; her aesthetic knowing to be sensitive to how Jill and Armando might respond if offered genetic testing; and her emancipatory knowing that testing is expensive and that, unfairly, Jill was not eligible for insurance coverage because of a preexisting condition. Although this type of caring may seem a perfectly good thing to do and to exemplify a very good way to be, such feminine virtues associated with caring may preclude nurses from understanding how this type of caring benefits the health care industry to the detriment of nurses’ salaries, working conditions, and social value. In these instances, there may be no clear answers about how to proceed, and it becomes important to identify the political processes that are operating. For Fry, caring as a moral value ought to be central to any theory of ethics. The facts about the dying person’s physical condition, physiologic indicators that the end of life is near, and observable behaviors are all factors that influence the situation. If you reflect for a moment, several instances in which you have faced such ordinary decisions should come to mind. Because the right to privacy (the ethical directive) was breached, the behavior of the social worker and the attendant could be judged as immoral. Advances in technology, concerns about the proper care of marginalized groups, laws that regulate disclosure in health care and research practices, a focus on the rights of individuals in the health care system, and technologic advancements are but a few factors that have contributed to the unbelievable complexity of ethical decisions, thereby creating confusion about what is the morally right thing to do. An ethical worker will … The virtues of a dutiful nurse were the focus of much literature about ethics during the first half of the 19th century, as noted in Chapter 2. Each person’s personal beliefs and values regarding death, life, and life after death influence how he or she approaches the situation. 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