George Armstrong Custer, Union cavalry leader who met his fate at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. crossing of the Rubicon River with his XIII Legion in defiance of the Pompey-led … When he reached the town of Geneva, near the planned route of the Helvetii, he began destruction of a bridge over the Rhone River in territory belonging to a Roman client tribe, the Allobroges. His legionaries first threw their iron-pointed, long-shanked pila (javelins), which stuck firmly in the Helvetii warriors’ wooden shields, weighing them down (the pila could not be easily removed since their thin shanks usually bent upon impact). Vercingetorix’s cavalry unsuccessfully raided the construction several times, but his men were unable to stop the work. The Great Roman Civil War (49–45 BC), also known as Caesar's Civil War, was one of the last politico-military conflicts in the Roman Republic before the establishment of the Roman Empire. The city’s garrison was taken prisoner, as were the survivors of the relief army. In the morning, Vercingetorix sent a diversionary attack against the wall to the south and then struck the Roman weak spot with men he had hidden there and remnants of the relief force. On August 9, 48 B.C., nearly four years after Caesar won Gaul with his victory at Alesia, he stood surveying Pompey’s much larger army at Pharsalus in Roman-ruled central Greece. When the 20,000 seasoned veterans of Caesar’s infantry line charged, Pompey’s 50,000 infantrymen held their positions awaiting the collision. Gaius Julius Caesar: Civil War Gaius Julius Caesar (13 July 100 - 15 March 44 BCE), Roman statesman, general, author, famous for the conquest of Gaul (modern France and Belgium) and his subsequent coup d'état. became a Roman consul, the city’s highest elected official. While the notion of such changes may offend our sense of historical purity, these differences can help detectives such as Virginia Brown and Cynthia Damon determine if manuscript A was used to create a copy of manuscript B, and so forth. Caesar followed this victory with a series of punitive raids against tribes along the Atlantic seaboard that had assembled an anti-Roman confederacy, and he fought a combined land-sea campaign against the Veneti. In his Commentaries, he remarked, “No single traveler had ever crossed [these mountains] in winter.”. Caesar’s fate – and that of the Roman Republic – hung in the balance as the Battle of Pharsalus began in earnest. Walt Disney, animator and creator of an entertainment empire. He later went to Egypt, where he became involved in the Egyptian civil war and installed Cleopatra on Egypt’s throne. In the Gallic camp, Caesar found records indicating that more than 300,000 Helvetii men, women and children had begun the trek west. Historians have praised Caesar for his innovative military tactics, his use of skilled military engineers and his natural gifts as a military leader. Meanwhile the cohesion of the triumvirate had been placed under strain. In this effort, she sought to determine the source of more than 200 copies.1. Caught on the wrong side of the mountains from Vercingetorix when winter hit, Caesar crossed the “impassable” Massif Central with a small force of infantry and cavalry to link up with two of his legions quartered near the southern edge of Arvenni territory. The Civil Wars By Julius Caesar Translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn. Seven cohorts of Pompey-allied Thracians and other auxiliaries defended the camp as best they could but were unable to fend off Caesar’s legionaries. In 55 B.C., Caesar repelled an incursion into Gaul by two Germanic tribes, and followed that by building a bridge across the Rhine. The day’s fighting was over. Although the proconsular term of office normally was one year, Caesar was able to secure his post in Gaul for an unprecedented five years, a term later increased to 10 years. He pursued Pompey and was almost conquered in July 48 B.C. > From Caesar to Augustus (c. 49 BC–AD 14) From Caesar to Augustus (c. 49 BC–AD 14) Using Coins as Sources ... allowing students to quickly identify material relevant to Julius Caesar, the second triumvirate, the relationship between… < Read less Read more > Contents. Learn how your comment data is processed. Finally, Caesar’s legions were able to collapse the Helvetii defense, with some of the tribesmen escaping to the north and others making a last stand at the Helvetii baggage train, which was soon overwhelmed. Because of Caesar’s relationship with Marius, Sulla stripped Caesar of his inheritance and his wife’s dowry, forcing him to flee Rome and join the Roman army in Asia Minor. The Romans pursued Vercingetorix and captured Avaricum (modern Bourges, in central France), the capital city of the allied Bituriges, killing the entire population. The second wall, designed to protect the Roman besiegers from attacks from outside the city, was the same as the first in design but included four cavalry camps. Book 1 - (50 B.C.) Caesar’s enemy, however, had one last card to play. Caesar’s legionaries drew their gladii (short swords) and attacked the disadvantaged tribesmen, breaking the enemy’s line and forcing the Helvetii back almost to their baggage train. The First Triumvirate - overseers of the last days of the Roman Republic - has disintegrated. The outcome of the bitter civil war that began with Caesar’s January 49 B.C. One historian wrote: “Caesar, next to Alexander, was the outstanding director of siege operations of the ancient world.” Caesar proved that claim at the siege of Alesia. The X’s men, rather than hurl their pila at the cavalry attack and then chop at the horses’ legs with their gladii (the traditional Roman defense against a cavalry attack), stabbed at the faces and eyes of the horsemen with their pila as Caesar had drilled them to do. Caesar had served the Republic for eight years in the Gallic Wars, fully conquering the region of Gaul (roughly equivalent to modern-day France).After the Roman Senate demanded Caesar to disband his army and return home as a civilian, he refused, crossing the Rubicon with his army and plunging Rome into Caesar's Civil War in 49 BC. He stationed himself at the hill’s summit with two other legions, his auxiliaries and his baggage train. He warned the Helvetii that any attempt to cross the river would be opposed. The roots of this conflict reached back to 50 B.C., when the Roman Senate, feeling threatened by Caesar’s popularity with the Roman people in the wake of his Gallic conquests, ordered Caesar to disband his army in Gaul and return to Rome to face prosecution for several claimed offenses. Alea iacta est... 49 B.C. The battle turned into a desperate fight for survival that continued into the twilight hours. He then built a bridge over the river and pursued the main Helvetii force for two weeks until a lack of supplies caused him to end the chase. Knowing the city was immune to direct attack and again relying on his engineers, Caesar began construction of an encircling set of fortifications (circumvallation) around Alesia. The tactical advantages seemed greatly in Pompey’s favor. Intervention by the family of Caesar’s mother and Rome’s Vestal Virgins lifted the threat against Caesar; but it was not until he heard of Sulla’s death in 78 B.C. Martin Van Buren, 8th president in the United States--and the first born in the United States. In what would become his trademark, Caesar spared the Helvetii survivors and ordered them to return to their original homeland. Yet he was aware of the role that luck played in his victories. Through a game of medieval telephone, there are a number of things that can change in copied text. The Hunt for Julius Caesar’s Assassins Marked the Last Days of the Roman Republic A new page-turning history details the events that led to the deaths of many of the conspirators In January 49 B.C., he led his legion across the shallow Rubicon River and entered Italy – a virtual declaration of war against the Roman Republic. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by Historynet LLC, the world's largest publisher of history magazines. Medievalism, Classical Reception, Battlefields, and Cigars. in the making, depending on how you look at it. Book 6--- 53 B.C. He also was authorized to levy additional legions and auxiliary forces as needed. At the time, Roman legions were noted for their tactical flexibility, disciplined fighting, ability to adapt to changing circumstances and superb organization; but “what ultimately made the Romans unbeatable,” one historian wrote, was “the Roman genius for fighting as a unit.” To this proven mix, Caesar added his charisma, daring and ability to inspire. They simply cast them aside and prepared to meet the Roman assault without them. Caesar responded by thinning the traditional Roman three-line infantry formation and creating a fourth line hidden behind the other three. The Romans rightly feared that the Helvetii would pillage other tribes as they migrated, and that once settled in southwest Gaul they would pose a threat to Roman territory. Pompey gathered his family, loaded as much gold as he could, threw off his general’s cloak and fled. He changed the Roman republic into a monarchy and laid the foundations of a … Fritz Lang, film director (Metropolis, M). Interesting. Sharpened stakes were jammed into the ground near the wall, and guard towers were erected every 80 feet. The best account is provided by Caesar's War Commentaries in three books covering 49-48, supplemented by separate accounts of the Alexandrian War, African War and Spanish War written by his continuators. Rome is in turmoil. Pompey’s two sons, Gnaeus and Sextus, and their supporters tried to continue the civil war, but the effort was futile. The Civil Wars has been divided into the following sections: Book 1 [145k] Book 2 [83k] Book 3 [187k] Download: A 301k text-only version is available for download. Alexandrian War; African War; Spanish War From that single source, Damon traced 1,000 disagreements across hundreds of medieval manuscripts of the Civil War and reconstructed a single version of the text.4 As a result, we now have a new Latin version of the Caesar’s work where the number of spots of lost or uncertain text is down to a few dozen.5 And with that, Damon has produced a fresh English translation, the first based on this new Latin version. Below you can see how Brown’s stemma varied from 2 previous attempts at tracing the transmission of Caesar’s Civil War.2 These stemmas simplify a tedious and laborious effort, but they all have the goal of getting to a single source. Julius Caesar ruled Rome as unquestioned dictator until his assassination March 15, 44 B.C. After the battle, 180 stands of colors and nine eagle standards were brought to Caesar as trophies of his victory. The Battle of Pharsalus was the decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War.On 9 August 48 BC at Pharsalus in central Greece, Gaius Julius Caesar and his allies formed up opposite the army of the republic under the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great"). But by moving to Alesia, Vercingetorix had played to his enemy’s strength – Caesar was a master of siege warfare. Caesar had the support of the people and Pompey had the support of the aristocrats. Unopposed, Caesar marched triumphantly into Rome, where he was declared dictator; but he had still to defeat the optimate force. Caesar’s cavalry and the six cohorts that made up his hidden fourth line then rushed forward to outflank Pompey’s left and worked their way behind his lines to attack from the rear. commentariorum libri vii de bello gallico cum a. hirti supplemento He led a show of force into Germanic territory before returning across the Rhine and dismantling the bridge. triumph celebration – and then executed by strangulation. Julius Caesar - Julius Caesar - Antecedents and outcome of the civil war of 49–45 bce: During his conquest of Gaul, Caesar had been equally busy in preserving and improving his position at home. Caesar spent the next few years “mopping up” remnants of the Pompeian faction and then returned to Rome and was reaffirmed as Rome’s dictator. The siege of Alesia, which Caesar recounted in his Commentaries, is considered one of his greatest military achievements as well as being a classic example of successful siege warfare. Approximately 10 miles of 12-foot-high palisades were built in about three weeks. Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was assassinated on the order of Pharaoh Ptolemy XIII. Facing starvation and plummeting morale inside Alesia, Vercingetorix was forced to surrender. Caesar’s next campaign, however, was against his fellow Romans. While this happened, the Boii and Tulingi, Helvetii allies who had been held in reserve, joined the battle by hitting Caesar’s right flank. For the past several days, Pompey had brought his more numerous troops to the field, and Caesar had formed his smaller army against them. 1776-1783 Marlborough's Wars 1701-1714 The Jacobite Rebellion 1745 Pompey’s 50,000-man army greatly outnumbered Caesar’s 20,000 soldiers; yet Caesar’s troops were seasoned veterans of the years-long,  hard-fought campaigns that had conquered Gaul (modern-day France) and greatly expanded Roman-ruled territory. This allowed Caesar’s soldiers to have, as one historian wrote, “the impetus of the charge inspire them with courage.” Caesar’s men threw their pila, pulled their gladii and crashed into the Pompeian shield wall. Vercingetorix, a young nobleman, raised an army, made alliances with several other tribes and seized control of what was developing as an all-out revolt against Roman authority. For several days, Julius Caesar had watched the army of his fellow Roman but bitter enemy Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) forming near Pharsalus in the central region of Roman-ruled Greece. Bibracte was the first great battle of Caesar’s military career. Caesar had absolute authority within these two Gallic provinces, and the Senate entrusted him with four legions to enforce his authority. Below you can see how Brown’s stemma varied from 2 previous attempts at tracing the transmission of Caesar’s Civil War.2 These stemmas simplify a tedious and laborious effort, but they all have the goal of getting to a single source. Defeat of Varro. He cleverly exploited the tribes’ endemic factionalism, made allies by showing mercy to the tribes he defeated, and bribed others with the fruits of Roman civilization – and when necessary, he waged war against them. Although several brief cavalry engagements had been fought, the mass of the two armies had only stood and glared at one another. Most of 53 B.C. Caesar, who throughout his military career relied heavily on his engineers, then began fortifying his position behind the river with a 16-foot-high rampart and a parallel trench lined with ballistae (large missile weapons). Originally published in the July 2013 issue of Armchair General. About midday, the Helvetii force, said to be tens of thousands of experienced warriors, appeared and stood facing the smaller and far less combat-experienced Roman force. Turning to aid the Roman-allied tribes, Caesar met the Helvetii as they were crossing the River Arar (modern-day Saône River, in eastern France). Book 2--- 49 B.C. Book 2--- 57 B.C. c. iulius caesar (100 – 44 b.c.) Caesar knew that the imminent battle was his last chance, warning his men that if they lost at Pharsalus they would be at Pompey’s mercy and probably slaughtered. Alesia marked the end of organized resistance to Rome in Gaul, which became a Roman province. Total War: ROME II – Caesar Edition is a limited physical edition release of Total War: ROME II celebrating the eponymous military commander that includes two epic campaigns packs, all the latest updates, and a free ebook from Osprey Publishing. According to figures claimed at the time, when the day was over 15,000 of Pompey’s men were killed and another 20,000 were captured, while Caesar lost only 200 men. Caesar’s use of projectile weapons (such as ballistae) along with archers and peltasts enabled him to turn the battle in his favor. at Dyrrhachium (in modern-day Albania). Richard Wayne Penniman [Little Richard], singer, musician; important influence on rock 'n' roll. Again, Caesar demonstrates great leniency to the soldiers and to their leaders. Book 7--- 52 B.C. Caesar, Julius; Peskett ... Rome -- History Civil War, 49-45 B.C Publisher London Heinemann Collection robarts; toronto Digitizing sponsor Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Contributor Robarts - University of Toronto Language English. Gaius Julius Caesar was born in July 100 B.C. Gaius Julius Caesar (July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a military commander, politician and author at the end of the Roman Republic.. Caesar became a member of the First Triumvirate, and when that broke up, he fought a civil war against Pompey the Great. Caesar also knew, as all great generals know, “if fortune doesn’t go your way, sometimes you have to bend it to your will.” And bend it he did. For example, if two separate manuscripts use the same abbreviations or misspellings, then one was likely used to produce the other. The outcome of the bitter civil war that began with Caesar’s January 49 B.C. Later and more reliable estimates judge that Caesar lost about 1,200 soldiers and 30 centurions, while Pompey’s losses totaled about 6,000. Caesar’s men then focused on Pompey’s camp. He only was able to turn the conflict when he commandeered a shield from a soldier and personally rallied his legions, forming a large defensive square to protect his wounded and calling for reinforcements. In reviewing the differences and similarities between manuscripts, the goal is to get to the oldest version of the text. His work has appeared in numerous national and international periodicals. The late Virginia Brown went through the herculean task of reviewing, dating, and documenting all known manuscripts of the Civil War. To help their plans, they made alliances with the Sequani, the Aedui (Roman clients) and two other Gallic tribes. In September 52 B.C., Caesar arrived at Alesia and laid siege to a combined Gallic force that may have numbered 80,000 warriors, four times greater than Caesar’s force. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Morgan J. Freeman, film director; his Hurricane Streets (1997) was the first narrative film to win three awards at the Sundance Film Festival; produced MTV reality shows (16 and Pregnant, Teen Mom). After sifting through 32,577 words of Caesar’s Civil War across more than 200 manuscripts spread out over half a millennium, Damon has concluded that “one copy survived from antiquity into the Middle Ages and was copied at least twice some time early in the Carolingian period.”3. “In all of life,” Caesar wrote, “but especially in war, the greatest power belongs to fortune.”. The Civil War is well documented by the standards of ancient conflicts, but there remain many gaps in our knowledge. Then, rather than use the high ground for a defensive stand, he moved forward against the Helvetii. Enough of the Gallic horsemen escaped, however, to ride for help. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. He used part of his growing wealth from Gallic loot to hire political agents in Rome. Caesar later served as questor (a treasury and legal official) in the Roman province of Hispania Ulterior (Further Spain), where he led military expeditions against the native tribes and in 59 B.C. 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